Sống chung Covid-19 như thế nào?

SUBJECTS Vulnerable to COVID-19: WHAT AGES are most at risk? The "super storm" of Covid-19 is wreaking havoc all over the world, the number of deaths is continuously increasing, every 40 seconds, an American will die from Covid-19, a series of hospitals have to "break the battle". … The US CDC recommends that the pandemic does not spare anyone, but the elderly, with underlying diseases, a weak immune system, etc. are the most susceptible to Covid-19 attack. The article was advised by Doctor Bach Thi Chinh, Medical Director of VNVC Children and Adults Immunization Center System, who are susceptible to covid-19 attack Covid-19 is a new disease. SARS-CoV-2 can cause mild to life-threatening respiratory infections in anyone exposed to it. The whole of humanity seems to be heading together towards the pandemic in the hope of finding an effective solution to end the alarming increase in numbers - that is, a vaccine against Covid-19. The Covid-19 pandemic has been posing great challenges to the whole community. According to statistics, the elderly, people with chronic diseases, etc. have a high risk of infection, more severe disease progression, prolonged treatment with more expensive costs and high mortality rate. than. In China, the mortality rate is up to 19% in patients 70 years of age and older; 10.5% in people with cardiovascular disease; 7.3% in people with diabetes; 6.3% in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD); 6.0% in people with hypertension and 5.6% in cancer patients… The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has identified 3 groups of subjects at high risk, vulnerable to threats. by Covid-19 the most: Older people (the likelihood of infection increases with age) Covid-19 does not spare anyone. Any age, any age, gender, is at risk of infection. However, Covid-19 tends to cause more serious complications in middle-aged and older people. The risk of developing dangerous symptoms increases with age, with people aged 65 and older having the highest risk of severe symptoms. In the US, about 80% of deaths are in people 65 years of age and older. The risk is even higher for older adults with underlying medical conditions. The elderly will gradually appear the aging of the body, from the skeletal system to the important organs in the functioning apparatus such as the heart, lungs, vascular system. This condition reduces the body's ability to adapt to external influences such as weather and environment, increase the risk of infection with infectious diseases, especially respiratory diseases. According to the National Foundation for Infectious Diseases, the elderly are more susceptible to and die from Covid-19 because: Immune system function declines: As age increases, the organs in the body deteriorate, Decreased function causes the body's immune system to weaken. On the other hand, the immune system is the body's "shield" against all external influences. The reduced protective function of the immune system makes it difficult for older people to fight against "invaders" - viruses and bacteria that attack the body. Excessive inflammatory response: As we age, high levels of inflammation can damage the lungs, kidneys, and affect many other organs in the body. Ease of complications: Elderly people often have pre-existing medical conditions, So the virus that causes respiratory infections can cause more serious complications in heart, kidney or liver disease. In severe cases, the patient must be mechanically ventilated, ECMO (artificial cardiopulmonary) intervention, even leading to death. Lung function decreases with age: making ventilation less effective, if there is more advanced pneumonia, respiratory failure is likely to develop. However, Covid-19 has no absolute age limit, young people are not as "invulnerable" as we once thought. Acute pneumonia caused by a new strain of coronavirus is almost a completely new picture for the world epidemiology, so there is no comprehensive study on the impact of Covid-19 on children. To explain that, scientists have proposed two hypotheses: First, The low number of Covid-19 infections in children may be because children are less likely to be exposed in the first place. Second, because the child's body has a special response to the virus, called the innate immune system. If you have young children, you should take the time to read more articles about children and Covid-19! On the other hand, Dr. Truong Huu Khanh, Head of the Department of Infection - Neurology, Children's Hospital 1, Ho Chi Minh City, Senior Advisor of VNVC Immunization Center System said: "If Coronavirus is transmitted mainly in children, , would be a real disaster. Currently, the low rate of children infected with Covid-19 is a good thing, because children are not self-aware such as washing hands, covering mouth or touching others or actions that can spread the virus. Therefore, we should not be subjective and comfortable letting children go out without protective measures. Need for backup, Everyone must be protected and take the same precautions.” Subjects susceptible to covid-19 People with underlying medical conditions – Subjects susceptible to Covid-19 attack Italy is one of the "top" Covid-19 epidemic areas in the world. A study here showed that 99% of the deaths were people with chronic diseases. In which, nearly half of cases have at least 3 underlying diseases and about one quarter have 1 or 2 pre-existing conditions. More than 75% of people have high blood pressure, about 35% have diabetes, and a third of all patients have heart disease. Not only that, people with many chronic diseases are often the elderly. The resistance of the elderly group with chronic diseases is lower than that of other age groups. If the elderly get sick, the virus will make those chronic diseases promote acute or exacerbation, so the patient is very likely to die. In addition to having to take a lot of drugs to treat the underlying disease, the elderly's body is also immunocompromised, prone to other diseases. When the elderly have Covid-19, they are often very sick due to the interaction of the new disease with the underlying disease as well as the interaction of many drugs. When infected with a virus, the body is not strong enough to fight, and at the same time, it starts a series of accompanying disorders on the background of the disease such as liver failure, kidney failure, multi-organ failure, complicating and difficult to treat. People with underlying medical conditions are at high risk of dying if they contract Covid-19. Therefore, people with the following diseases need to be very careful, well control their underlying diseases and improve their physical condition: 1. Chronic kidney disease Chronic kidney disease is a global "killer". People with chronic kidney disease at any stage are at increased risk of worsening and dying from Covid-19. The risk seems to increase with the severity of the disease, especially in people on dialysis. The researchers found that SARS-CoV-2 can affect kidney function during the course of the illness, even after the patient recovers. Some people with severe Covid-19 show signs of kidney damage, even if they had no previous kidney problems. Preliminary reports show that up to 30% of patients hospitalized with SARS-CoV-2 in China and New York have moderate or severe kidney damage. According to doctors in New York, the actual number is even higher. The impact of Covid-19 on the kidneys is still unclear, but researchers say: Coronavirus can attack kidney cells; Too little oxygen in the blood causes the kidneys to malfunction; The immune system's violent reaction to the new coronavirus can destroy kidney tissue; Covid-19 can cause blood clots, block the kidneys, etc. At the same time, the need for dialysis and dialysis is a concern in Covid-19 patients. 2. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Due to pre-existing lung disease, people with chronic lung disease (COPD) are at high risk for COVID-19 and can lead to respiratory complications from mild to severe. Accordingly, people infected with SARS-CoV-2 with COPD have a significantly increased risk of developing serious infections, because the virus affects the respiratory system, damages the lungs, and makes it harder for the lungs to fight infections. One study found a correlation between high mortality rates from Covid-19 and people diagnosed with COPD. Specifically, Among patients with COVID-19 with COPD, there is a 63% risk of severe progression and a 60% risk of death. However, Covid-19 patients without COPD had only a 33.4% risk of worsening and 55% of death. At the same time, the risk can vary depending on the type of respiratory disease: COPD and interstitial lung disease, characterized by fibrosis and loss of elasticity of the lungs, will reduce the patient's ability to breathe on their own if they have Covid. -19; Asthma does not cause fibrosis, but infection with Covid-19 can cause severe attack and even death, especially in people with poorly controlled asthma; Bronchiectasis causes accumulation of excess mucus. If pneumonia develops due to Covid-19, the airway obstruction can be life-threatening. 3. People with liver disease People with chronic liver disease, especially cirrhosis (scarring in the liver) may be at risk of serious illness from Covid-19. In addition, The disease tends to progress rapidly, with possible respiratory failure due to poor resistance to the attack of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in these subjects. Some patients hospitalized with Covid-19 have elevated levels of liver enzymes, such as alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). Viruses can complicate existing liver disease in some people, cause elevated liver enzymes, and make the disease worse. Some drugs including antibiotics, antivirals and steroids used to treat Covid-19 also damage liver cells. 4. People with cardiovascular disease (heart failure, coronary artery, myocardium) Cardiovascular disease - the "favorite" subject of Covid-19. According to WHO statistics, the death rate from Covid-19 in people with cardiovascular disease accounts for more than 10%, followed by diabetes with more than 7%. That shows that the risk of death from Covid-19 in people with cardiovascular disease is the highest and 10 times higher than the general population. The reason is that when the SARS-CoV-2 virus enters the body, it will trigger an underlying heart disease and cause a severe inflammatory response in the blood vessels and heart muscle leading to heart attack, arrhythmia, acute coronary syndrome, acute heart failure. In addition, heart function has weakened, patients who are already short of breath, tired because of existing diseases, now have even more difficulty breathing because SARS-CoV-2 causes acute pneumonia syndrome, making them not strong enough to fight back. fight disease. If infected with a virus, the disease will progress more complicated, the ability to recover is also difficult compared to the average person. However, the patient should be calm, not panicking, but should pay special attention to improving their health and protecting their heart. 5. People with weakened immune systems According to CDC statistics, people with weakened immune systems are at high risk of severe illness from SARS-CoV-2. They can also be infectious for a longer period of time than other patients. People with weakened immune systems are more susceptible to Covid-19 infection, the CDC says: Half of Covid-19 patients with diabetes require hospitalization. 78% of people requiring hospitalization for Covid-19 requiring intensive care have at least one underlying medical condition. 71% of Covid-19 patients (but not in intensive care) have at least one underlying medical condition. People with weak immune systems such as people with HIV; undergoing chemotherapy and radiation therapy for cancer; organ transplant recipients; people with primary immunodeficiency, etc. may not be able to resist the attack of Covid-19 like other people. These subjects' bodies do not have the necessary immune responses to fight the entry of SARS-CoV-2 in the early stages. The ability to make antibodies may also be limited, so the immune system may not be able to get rid of the virus if it happens to be infected. On the other hand, an overactive immune system can also cause lung damage and pneumonia in patients with Covid-19. When the immune system is activated, it releases chemicals called cytokines. Cytokines can be beneficial for the body, but they can also cause tissue damage when overused. who is more likely to die from covid-19 6. Neurological disorders Although not on the CDC's list of risk factors, some scientists have noted that certain neurological disorders, such as Multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's or a motor neuron disorder, may increase the severity of Covid-19, by easily disrupting the swallowing reflex, reducing the cough reflex, or causing respiratory muscle weakness. Simultaneously, Many drugs used to treat neurological disorders and myasthenia gravis actively suppress the immune system, making it easier to make Covid-19 symptoms more severe. 7. Obesity Scientists have found that obese people are twice as likely to be hospitalized because of Covid-19 than normal weight patients, obese people need to be cared for. twice as likely to be acute and three times more likely to be in the intensive care unit. The United States - a country with more than 40% of the population is obese and it is no doubt a contributing cause of the increased morbidity and mortality from Covid-19 compared to other countries. Jennifer Light (NYU School of Medicine in New York City) said that obese people have higher rates of obstructive sleep apnea, asthma problems, reflux and restricted lungs, etc. affect the respiratory system, due to severe infection caused by Coronavirus. 8. Pregnancy In 2020, WHO declared the global Covid-19 outbreak a "public health emergency of international concern". That's scary for billions of people around the world. In addition to the Zika virus and other risk factors for abnormalities during pregnancy, pregnant women may have another worry – SARS-CoV-2. According to the US CDC recommendation: Pregnant women are much more susceptible to respiratory infections, such as the flu, than the general population. This is because pregnancy changes the immune system and impacts the lungs and heart. Therefore, pregnant women are at high risk of contracting Covid-19 and experiencing dangerous complications, such as premature birth. Bach Thi Chinh warned: “SARS-CoV-2 is especially dangerous for people with weak immune systems, the elderly, children, people with chronic underlying medical conditions. These subjects are highly infectious, difficult to treat, and the disease progresses quickly and is life-threatening. In particular, the virus is extremely dangerous for pregnant women. When pregnant women get the disease, it will leave especially serious consequences. The level of danger of this disease to pregnant women is similar to the level of MERS epidemic in 2014.” 9. Sickle cell disease SARS-CoV-2 has been posing great challenges to the global health system, especially, for people with blood disorders, both healthy Malignancy and malignancy, especially those with sickle cell disease, require special attention during this time of crisis. People with sickle cell disease (SCD) have red blood cells that are deformed and cause blockages in blood circulation, inhibiting the supply of oxygen, damage blood vessels and cause inflammation. Coronavirus increases the formation of sickle cells, as infection in the lungs leads to low oxygen levels and worsening inflammation. At the same time, SARS-CoV-2 can cause lung damage, veno-occlusive crisis VOCs, and even death in people with SCD. 10. Smoking Tobacco is known to increase the risk and severity of respiratory infections. According to an assessment by the WHO's Council of Public Health Experts, teenagers who smoke e-cigarettes are five times more likely to contract Covid-19 than non-smokers. More seriously, young people who smoke both e-cigarettes and regular cigarettes are seven times more likely to contract Covid-19. This is indeed an alarming number recently published in the journal Adolescent Health, America. Covid-19 is an infectious disease that mainly attacks the lungs. Smoking impairs lung function, damages the respiratory epithelium (the lining of the lungs) and the immune system, making it difficult for the body to fight off SARS-CoV-2 and other diseases. In addition, there is a pathway that SARS-CoV-2 relies on to enter cells more quickly, which is e-cigarettes. Specifically, if one person becomes infected, the next person using an e-cigarette device can inhale the virus particles deep into their lungs. Exhaled breath can also contain viruses and potentially infect those around them. Tobacco kills more than 8 million people globally each year. Of which, more than 7 million people died from direct tobacco use and about 1.2 million people died without smoking but exposed to secondhand smoke. 11. Diabetes Diabetes mellitus (diabetes) is a health disorder that compromises the immune system, especially in type 2, making people more susceptible to Covid-19 if exposed to risk factors. Experts from the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) emphasized: The virus can thrive in the body when there is high blood sugar. Prolonged hyperglycemia can lead to acidosis, in which acids called ketones reduce the production of immune cells, including T lymphocytes and neutrophils. And the results could increase your chances of being infected with Covid-19. In addition, a person with diabetes, when infected with a virus, can lead to unpredictable complications. People with disorders related to high blood sugar, it is important to monitor blood glucose regularly, manage blood glucose, avoid stress… while taking other precautions to help prevent Covid-19. 12. Cancer People with cancer often have weakened immune systems, due to medical conditions or treatment. Currently, there is little evidence that people with cancer or those receiving treatments that suppress the immune system, such as chemotherapy or radiation, can be more severely affected by this strain. Covid-19 virus or not. However, experts make several assumptions: When the body's diphtheria cells that help fight infections are low or not functioning enough, the body's ability to fight infection decreases accordingly. And chemotherapy, or radiation, can decrease the body's ability to fight infection. As a result, cancer patients who are being actively treated may be at higher risk of contracting Covid-19. In particular, people with blood cancer, diphtheria, lymphoma and multiple myeloma, have a higher risk of contracting coronavirus than people with other types of cancer. Blood cancers often disrupt the normal production of immune cells. Similarly, Covid-19 has a nature that attacks the lungs of the human body, people with lung cancer also have a higher rate of severe symptoms than the rest. Watch more videos: What is the underlying disease and what does it include? Men are more likely to contract Covid-19 than women and children In the context of the complicated and fast-spreading Covid-19 epidemic, as we all know, the elderly and people with underlying medical conditions are top subjects are at greater risk of contracting Covid-19 and progressing worse than the rest of the population. Recently, A new study published in the journal Frontiers in Public Health has revealed gender differences in Covid-19 patients. The results show that men and women are equally likely to contract the virus, but men may experience more serious complications and higher mortality. Recently, the UK Office for National Statistics released data on the mortality rate from Covid-19 in this country, according to which the number of male patients who died was twice that of female patients, similar to Spain. Meanwhile, in Italy 70% of deaths are male. According to the China CDC, out of 72,314 cases surveyed, 2.8% of men who contracted the disease died, compared with 1.7% of women. Deborah Birx, disease response coordinator at the White House (USA), said that the number of deaths from SARS-CoV-2 in men is always double that of women at all ages. At the epicenter of New York, Men account for 56% of infections and 61% of deaths. Differences between male and female deaths were also found after analyzing the SARS and MERS outbreaks, the 1918 flu pandemic, where male deaths had a higher number of deaths. Notably, in the largest Covid-19 dataset, more than 70% of the patients who died were men, meaning that men had a 2.5 times higher mortality rate than women. Statistics show that being male is a significant risk factor for more severe disease, regardless of age. Women, although considered the weaker sex, do not have the same muscular strength as men, but are less prone to risks than men. According to scientists, a number of habits and behaviors increase the risk of infection in men than women, such as: less habit of washing hands properly, less concern about disease problems, frequent smoking. , Alcohol use and sex hormones can play an important role in this. In addition, the biological difference between men and women is an important factor. Testosterone - male sex hormone, suppresses inflammation. And estrogen, the female sex hormone, can activate cells involved in the antiviral response. Therefore, women often have better immune systems. This helps women increase their response to infectious diseases like Covid-19. who is susceptible to covid-19 How to reduce the risk of contracting Covid-19? In the context of the Covid-19 epidemic, which is complicated and rapidly spreading. Staying healthy during a pandemic is very important. Therefore, in addition to daily Covid-19 prevention measures, high-risk subjects need to especially adhere to the following precautions: Regular, moderate exercise in the home space, limit going out. Maintain a scientific diet, reasonable living, exercise and comply with the recommendations of health authorities. Need to control their underlying diseases, chronic medical conditions. Always carry medicines for chronic diseases with you, at least enough for 30 days. Discuss your underlying medical condition more often with your doctor, contact as soon as there are abnormal signs. Limit contact in crowded places, keep a distance of 2m in concentrated areas. Always wear a mask and avoid using public transport. If you have symptoms of the disease such as high fever, cough, difficulty breathing, etc., you should immediately call a medical facility for timely examination. Make sure you're fully vaccinated against influenza and pneumonia to limit worsening in the event of a Covid-19 infection. How to strengthen the immune system for children and adults in the days facing the "storm" of the Covid-19 epidemic is the concern of many parents. Health experts emphasized that increasing resistance is a must-do, not only now that there is a Covid-19 epidemic to think of ways to increase resistance. Even diseases such as flu, hand, foot and mouth disease or other respiratory diseases need to increase resistance. Let's compile with VNVC the list of subjects vulnerable to Covid-19 to know how to prevent yourself! Increasing resistance is something that must be done continuously, not just now with the Covid-19 epidemic, thinking of ways to increase resistance. Even diseases like flu, hand foot and mouth disease or other respiratory diseases need to increase resistance. Let's compile with VNVC the list of objects vulnerable to Covid-19 to know how to prevent yourself!Increasing resistance is something that must be done continuously, not just now with the Covid-19 epidemic, thinking of ways to increase resistance. Even diseases like flu, hand foot and mouth disease or other respiratory diseases need to increase resistance. Let's compile with VNVC the list of subjects vulnerable to Covid-19 to know how to prevent yourself! END=NAM MO BHASISAJYA-RAJA BODHISATTA ( 3 TIMES ).GOLDEN MONASTERY=VIETNAMESE BUDDHIST NUN=THE WOMEN OF THE SAKYA CLAN CHAN TANH.AUSTRALIA,SYDNEY.25/8/2021.VIETNAMESE TRANSLATE ENGLISH BY=VIETNAMESE BUDDHIST NUN=THE WOMEN OF THE SAKYA CLAN CHAN TANH.